Larger Mammals: Safety and Respect in Wild Spaces

While less common in backyards, encounters with larger mammals like bears and mountain lions are possible, especially in rural areas or on the edges of wildlands. Observing these powerful animals requires the utmost caution and respect for their space.

The Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

The black bear is the most common bear species in North America. Despite its name, its coat can be black, brown, cinnamon, or even blonde. They are found in forested areas across the continent.

Identification: Black bears have a straight facial profile (a “Roman nose”), small, rounded ears, and no prominent shoulder hump, which distinguishes them from grizzly bears. They are excellent climbers. Tracks show five toes with claw marks that are typically close to the toe pads.

Ecology and Behavior: Black bears are omnivores, with plants making up about 85% of their diet. They eat grasses, berries, nuts, and insects. They are not active predators but will eat carrion and occasionally prey on deer fawns. Their powerful sense of smell is their primary tool for finding food, and it is what draws them into conflict with humans.

Safety: The key to bear safety is food management. In bear country, store all food, garbage, and scented items (like toothpaste) in approved bear-resistant containers or in a locked vehicle. Never leave food in a tent. If you encounter a black bear, do not run. Stand your ground, make yourself look as large as possible, and make loud noises. Usually, the bear is just as scared of you and will retreat. For more detailed safety protocols, consult resources from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

The Mountain Lion (Puma concolor)

Also known as the cougar, puma, or catamount, this large cat is elusive and solitary. It is the second-largest cat in the Americas and has a wide range, though it is most common in western North America.

Identification: The mountain lion is a large, slender cat with a uniformly tan or tawny coat. It has a small head, short face, and a very long, heavy tail that is tipped in black. This tail is a key identifier and is crucial for balance. Adults can be over 8 feet long from nose to tail tip.

Ecology and Behavior: Mountain lions are carnivores that primarily prey on deer, but they will also hunt elk, bighorn sheep, and smaller animals. They are ambush predators, using stealth to get close to their prey before a powerful final sprint and attack. They are most active at dawn and dusk and are rarely seen by humans.

Safety: Encounters are extremely rare, and attacks are even rarer. However, it is important to know how to react. Never run from a mountain lion, as this can trigger its predatory chase instinct. Make yourself look bigger by raising your arms and opening your jacket. Make loud, firm noises. Maintain eye contact. If it approaches, throw stones or branches without crouching or turning your back. In the unlikely event of an attack, fight back aggressively. Do not play dead.